TED Talk English Club 2022: Vol 8 on 9 May & 16 May

Welcome to TED Talk English Club active each Monday from 31 Jan through 16 May:)

Please click on the black box below to download the SUMMARY of 16 May (mindfulness)

Please click on the black box below to download the SUMMARY of 16 May (Boris Johnson)

Please click on the black box below to download the SUMMARY of 9 May

CLUB Meeting on 16 May 2022 = Meeting 2 of Vol 8

TOPIC of 16 May 2022: Making sense of mindfulness: why 'mindful' is not the same as 'mind full' 

TOPIC EXTRA for 16 May 2022: Is there anything we can learn from the way Boris Johnson speaks?

VIDEO (2 min, BBC 2020) for 16 May: click ' Why we might be getting mindfulness wrong'

VIDEO EXTRA (14.33 min, 25.03.22, BBC Newsnight): 'Putin doesn't want peace', says Boris Johnson

WORDS for 16 May: click here (for automatic link click here)

WORDS EXTRA for 16 May: click here 

SCRIPT 1-2 for 16 May: please scroll down to read the SCRIPTs keri allapoole, et lugeda siin lehel or to download the pdf-s või laadida alla pdf-failid

• 16 May Question 1 for discussion: The concept of mindfulness--does it speak to you? 
  
• 16 May Question 2 for discussion: What personal experience with mindfulness training-if any-could you share?
  
• 16 May Question 3 for discussion: How do you make sense of the extra long sentence appearing in the box (= highlighted in brown in the SCRIPT below)?
  
• 16 May Question 4 for discussion: Why do they refer to 'secular mindfulness' instead of just 'mindfulness'? 
  
• 16 May Question EXTRA 1 for discussion: What can you say about the way Boris Johnson speaks? 
• 16 May Question EXTRA 2 for discussion: From his talk-can you please pick a few examples of both supersizing and downtoning.
• 16 May Question EXTRA 3 for discussion: In 03:06 how do you make sense of 'he's privileged to give the roar'?  
  
• 16 May Question EXTRA 4 for discussion: Please comment on 12:19 till the end? Or pick another section you feel like commenting on😊
  

Time: 3 p.m. through 6 p.m. on 16 May NB! Please pick from: 3-3.30/Toomas 16 May 3.30-4/ Heli 16 May 4-4.30/5-5.30/ Airi 16 May 5.30-6 p.m./ and submit by the form above.

Format: one-on-one for 30 minutes

Access 1: open to all of them who at some point--since 2012--have taken a course with Terje Keldoja😊

Fee: 8 eur for a 30-minute Meeting, incl Quizlet & Script & the SUMMARY (= follow-up based on the ideas of the participants--about the video/topic)

NB! Access 2: Everybody else is indeed welcome, too. However, the fee is a little less generous (12 eur per 30 minutes one-on-one ) for the 'newcomers'.

Participation: Choose between 9 May and 16 May or attend both.

Register: with terje.keldoja@gmail.com or submit the form above või täida ülal olev vorm

CLUB Meeting on 9 May 2022 = Meeting 1 of Vol 8

TOPIC of 9 May 2022: What is the so-called 'working memory' good for? Milleks meile nn lühimälu?

VIDEO (9.16 min, 2013) on 9 May: click 'How your 'working memory' makes sense of the world '

WORDS for 9 May: click here (for automatic join link click here) 

SCRIPT for 9 May: please scroll down to read the SCRIPT keri allapoole, et lugeda siin lehel or to download the pdf või laadida alla pdf-fail

• 9 May Question 1 for discussion: How do you find his manner of speaking? Entertaining rather than informative/educating or what?
  
• 9 May Question 2 for discussion: What impact do the parts --highlighted in green in the script--have on the whole Talk?
  
• 9 May Question 3 for discussion: What's the purpose of the three tasks he assigns in 02:55? 
  
• 9 May Question 4 for discussion: From among the examples and strategies he provides, what rings a bell tuleb tuttav ette to you? 
  
• 9 May Question 5 for discussion: Pick from the TED Talk what is your favourite statement by Peter Doolittle. Please comment.

Please click on the brownish box above to download the script 'Why we might be getting mindfulness wrong' for 16 May

SCRIPT for 16 May of 'Why we might be getting mindfulness wrong'

INTRODUCTION: Secular mindfulness courses are gaining widespread popularity and are believed to have a therapeutic effect.
But experts remain skeptical about modern meditation techniques and what they are being used for.

00:00 Mindfulness has become a buzzword moesõna ... But are we getting it right?

There's two kinds of mindfulness. There's

• the ancient Buddhist tradition of breathing meditation techniques.

00:16 And then there's what's sometimes called

• Buddhist meditation without the Buddhism, which is the secular mindfulness courses you can do.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

00:25 The problem I came across is Hakkasin selle küsimusega tegelema siis, kui when I actually interviewed a famous French Buddhist monk called Matthieu Ricard (https://www.matthieuricard.org/en/), who spent 40 years meditating in the foothills of the Himalayas. He's been nicknamed the happiest man in the world. That's the guy. He's a wonderful guy.

00:38 And I said to him, 'What do you think of the modern secular mindfulness movement?' And I thought he was going to say it was great.

00:43 He said, he was very skeptical. He said, 'Look, you could have a mindful sniper or a mindful psychopath'. To be a sniper, you need to be totally focused, be in the here and now, be non-judgmental, just kill people and no judgement.

And he was only half-joking, because he knows that these secular mindfulness courses have become very popular in US military training, amongst Wall Street bankers who use it to stay calm during high-stakes deal making kui sõlmivad lepinguid, kus on palju kaalul.

01:04 His point was that mindfulness might be good for you in terms of mental health vaimse tervise mõttes, and so on.

But it doesn't necessarily make you good in the Buddhist tradition as concepts such as compassion, altruism and empathy, which could be added into the secular mindfulness courses and should be to give it an ethical frame.

01:21 Is it possible to separate mindfulness from religion?

Canon Angela Tilby (anglican priest, author), 'I do think there is a craze for this [Terje: 'mindfulness'] at the moment see [Terje: 'mindfulness'] on praegu vägagi "päevakorral". What's really fascinating is the fact that it can work therapeutically.

01:36 But it's only credible Aga seda aktsepteeritakse, "võetakse tõsiselt" because it's been detached from any kind of religious value in our society sest meie ühiskonnas on selle praktiseerimisel asja religioosne pool täiesti kõrvale jäetud. And that tells me something about the sort of split that we have in our own consciousness and awareness lõhe selle vahel, kuidas me tajume/teadvustame iseennast ja kuidas me tajume/teadvustame [meid] ümbritsevat maailma, between ethics and the self lõhe n-ö eetika ja ego vahel.

01:50 You know, it's alright, you can be a city banker and do your mindfulness [training] and all the rest. But we only give it credibility aga see on meie jaoks n-ö tõsiseltvõetav vaid seetõttu because it doesn't tell us anything about how we ought to be morally et sealjuures ei tehta meie moraalse olemise/palge kohta mitte mingeid n-ö ettekirjutusi.

EXTRA: https://www.mindfultherapies.org.uk/what-is-the-difference-between-mindfulness-and-meditation/

Please click on the brownish box above to download the script 'Putin doesn't want peace,'says Boris Johnson' for 16 May

SCRIPT for 16 May of 'Putin doesn't want peace', says Boris Johnson

00:00 So, Prime Minister, you were at the NATO summit, [there's been] another one of these compelling suure mõjujõuga powerful video addresses by President Zelenskõi. Let me ask you: Can Ukraine win this war?

00:10 I think Ukraine can certainly win. I don't think it's going to be easy. I think the situation for the Ukrainians is, is grim sünge, miserable kurb. I don't think we've seen anything like it for 80 years in, in Europe, and what Putin is doing is unconscionable (= unethical, monstrous).

00:32 But there's a sense in which Putin has already failed or lost because I think that he had literally no idea that the Ukrainians were going to mind the resistance they are et nad hakkavad niimoodi vastu panema, nagu nad [praegu] panevad. And he totally misunderstood what Ukraine what Ukraine is and far from extinguishing hävitama, maa pealt pühkima, ära kustutama Ukraine as a, as a nation he is solidifying liidab it.

And that's as I said in my what I said to the NATO leaders is you know-since a month ago-that's the thing that has really emerged ilmnenud, esile kerkinud as this giant geopolitical fact that he he can't subjugate endale allutada Ukraine Ukraine, he can't win in that sense.

01:21 And so that is a colossal thing that Ukrainians have on their side. Against them-they have this brutal war machine. Our job is to do whatever we can--to give them the tools to protect themselves.

01:37 And when you say Ukraine could win, do you mean they could win on the battlefield, grind the Russians down? Or win in the sense of making an occupation impossible?

01:46 It's it's the it's probably the second more than look I'm not a-you know-a great military expert but that is that is where we think that things could could certainly go. And you know there are a number of possibilities. It is still possible that Putin could continue to take heavy losses kannavad suuri kaotusi, could continue to deal põhjustab/külvab, toob endaga kaasa death and destruction to the cities in the way that he is-to Kharkiv, to Mariupol and all the others.

01:19 And that's why we've got to do more to help the Ukrainians and I stress that I think the Russians are resorting to type (= teevad seda, mis nad "oskavad", st käituvad nii, nagu nad on ennegi käitunud). So that you know they think--you think of Aleppo, of Groznõi. What they're what they are expert at is standing us away from these great urban cities oskavad meid 'eemale tõrjuda' neist ilusatest linnadest-mercilessly shelling them and bombarding them with rockets. And that's what Putin is now, that's what he is he is resorting to millele ta panustab, mida ta kasutab now.

02:50 And what we need to do is is help the Ukrainians to, if we can, to take out rivist välja lüüa, /alla laskma/rajalt maha võtta/ that equipment, take out those those rocket launchers and that artillery

02:59 Now you've obviously formed quite a rapport with väga head ja usalduslikud suhted suutnud luua President Zelenskõi. How do you see him as a historical figure? Is he up there with Saab teda kõrvutada selliste suurmeestega nagu Winston Churchill?

03:06 I think he's extraordinary and I think he's he's certainly churchillian in his technique. And he's he's brilliant at mobilizing his his people. And--you know you know-and the the the people of Ukraine are the lion he's privileged to give the roar (NB! referring to Churchill,'It [the Brits] was a nation [ ] that had the lion heart. I had the luck to be called upon to give the roar). But but it's it's more than that. He's he's doing very much what Churchill did in trying, in using all his diplomatic skill to get allies to come in on on his side kuidas endale liitlasi leida/saada.

03:40 And he has been very successful in that. It was only a few months ago that the United Kingdom was the only European country to give actual weapons to support the Ukrainians. You've now got dozens and that's thanks to the skill and courage of Vladõmõr Zelenskõi.

03:58 You say Churchillian in the way that Winston Churchill won over allies võitis liitlasi endale. Churchill stood alone but ultimately lõppude lõpuks he won only with the hard power of allies liitlaste sõjalise jõu (sõjaväe) abil. Do you personally regret that yes the UK and NATO are providing equipment but you cannot ultimately provide that guarantee. You cannot get boots on the ground vägesid te appi ei saa saata. Ukraine in a sense is on its own peab ise toime tulema, on üksi jäetud, saab ainult endale loota.

04:22 And yes I think ut would be fair to say that every leader around the table feels that agony--that of Vladõmõr Zelenskõi mõistab seda valu ja piina, mida tunneb V. Z [sellepärast, et] that no there's no Western democracy that's talking about boots on the ground of their own troops mitte ükski lääne demokraatiamaa ei räägi oma vägede [Ukrainasse] viimisest. Nobody is talking about sending up their own fighter pilots to take out alla lasta, maha kõmmutada Russian fast jets-if which is what you need to do for a no-fly zone. Or to take out the ground-to-air missiles that are also vital for enforcing kehtestada, maksma panna a no-fly, of taking out those missiles rakettide alla tulistamine, kahjutustamine is vital for enforcing a new no-fly zone. That's that's not on the agenda see pole plaanis.

05:05 But I think, what is happening--if I could just sort of give you a sort of sketch of a potential future. What is happening is that the extent of global sympathy for Ukraine and the massive emotional outpouring which we all feel when we look at what's happening is leading to this desire to to help help with humanitarian aid, help with refugees, but also help with with kit [of weapons]. And the more it goes in, the more--that kit is the equipment--the weapons are helping to change the face of battle in in Ukraine. And giving the the Ukrainians the the tools that they need.

05:47 And over time ajapikku, aja jooksul, you can imagine that even if you can't have an article five guarantee for Ukraine, I mean full membership of NATO, inside the thermonuclear umbrella as it were nagu selle kohta öeldakse, you can imagine that the Western sympathizers of Ukraine will provide so much by way of equipment, training, intelligence luureandmed, as to create a kind of deterrence for Ukraine by denial heidutus millegi ära võtmise kaudu, deterrence by denial of Russian possibility võttes Venemaalt ära võimaluse to to invade again.

06:35 And and so what I am talking about is as it werenii-öelda, so fortifying the, so strenghtening the quills of the Ukrainian porcupine Ukraina okassea küüniste teritamisest, tugevamaks tegemisest as to make it [= invading again] in future indigestible et tulevikus ei oleks see [kuskile sissetung] neile enam jõukohane/"konti mööda" to to the Russian invaders.

06:50 And would that military help guarantee any peace agreement between Russia and Ukraine or do you not take those peace talks seriously? You think Russia is playing a game?

06:57 I think it's very important and I think you know all colleagues around the table today who are continuing to work on negotiations and we you know what I discussed continually with Vladõmõr about potential for diplomatic solutions of course. I think that's that's entirely a sensible thing to do. Everybody wants peace, including the UK. We, you know, the this this thing if this thing could be solved it would be fantastic.

07:29 I've got to tell you I'm not optimistic that Vladimir Putin really wants that [peace]. I think he has decided to double down paneb kõik mängu, läheb täispanga peale välja and to try to grosnõfy teeb Groznõi moodi maatasa the great cities of of Ukraine in in the way that he he's always tried to do and I think that's a tragic mistake but that's what he seems to be doing at the moment. Therefore we need to to do more as the West--intensifying the sanctions, sending more missiles as we announced today six thousand more missiles, toughening up our sanctions, doing more to stop leakage of Russian gold, all the ways in which we can tighten the tighten the screw võtame ta pihtide vahele, keerame kruvisid koomale on him.

08:12 And Russia is listening to this language and today Moscow has said you are leading the anti-Russia forces. Are you a marked man Kas nad on teid sihikule võtnud?

08:18 No, look, I think there is nobody around the table in in NATO certainly, not in the in the G7 who feels anything but sympathy for the Russian people who are being very badly led pole kedagi, kes ei tunneks kaasa vene inimestele, sellepärast et neid nii halvasti juhitakse. I'm a, I'm a massive Russo-follower and always have been and I believe that that Russia is a great great country with a great language, culture and civilization and always have done and yeah and as as I've I've said before I think I am I can tell you without fear of contradiction ilma et ma kardaksin midagi kohatut/vastuolulist ütelda, I'm the only UK prime minister to have been called Boris.

08:50 So, I'm not remotely anti-Russian ma pole mingilgi määral n-ö venevastane but the regime of Vladimir Putin is tragically I think betraying Russia's real interests and is doing devastating damage to Russia's reputation and the sooner that ends the better.

09:10 So strong criticism of Russia but do you think you have a consistent record of this, on this olete te ka alati nii kriitiline olnud, st selles [kriitilisuse] mõttes järjekindel olnud? Do you feel comfortable that you gave a period to lord Lebedev andsite Lebedevile võimaluse mingi perioodi jooksul ametis olla after he appeared to tolerate the Russian annexation of Crimea ka pärast seda, kui selgus, et ta toetab Krimmi annekteerimist Venemaa poolt. He talked about that Crimea had been Russian for a very long time.

09:29 I think it is really, I mean I go back to the my last answer, I think it is really really important that in our discussion of this whole thing we shouldn't play the Kremlin's game. And seem to be anti-Russian. Or to be anti-Russian people just because they're Russian people. And I, you know, I was very proud when I was running London kui ma olin Londoni linnapea that we boasted all sorts of people uhkusega võin öelda, et meil [Londonis] oli/on igasuguseid inimesi. We had loads of people hulganisti inimesi from Russia. We also had 400 000 French people I seem to remember. I think I was the mayor of the fourth or fifth big biggest French city in the in the world.

10:19 So, you know, I think you can you can disagree profoundly võid kõige suuremal võimalikumal määral mitte nõustuda, we more than disagree, you can be viscerally hostile to võid kogu oma olemusega olla vastu sellele what Vladimir Putin is doing, but that doesn't entail sellega ei pea kaasnema any hostility vaen, vaenulikkus to Russians.

10:28 Two summits here today you are not going to the 3rd one of the European council--we all know why that is. But President Zelenskõi is addressing his dream räägib oma unistusest to join the EU. Do you think you should apologize to him and to the Ukrainian people for mentioning-in the same breath "sama soojaga", ühe ja sama hingetõmbega-brexit, the struggle for brexit and the struggle well no because Petro Poroshenko, the former Ukrainian President who admires you greatly, said, 'Boris Johnson, don't say that. People are dying in my country, nobody died over Brexit.'

10:56 And he's quite and I totally agree with what Petro said and you're absolutely right but that was not a, a, an analogy that I was making. I'm afraid that was that was wildly misconstrued (= misunderstood, misinterpreted). I said I think in the, in the self-same (= in exactly the same) passage lõik that there's been nothing like what we're seeing in, in Ukraine since 1945. And it is, it is a horror. And it can't be compared to anything since 1945. And we, we need to recognize that this is a pretty crucial moment for for us all. And I and I, I said this to, to colleagues at the G7 and NATO.

11:45 And we need to think about the decisions we take now because if Ukraine is engulfed neelatakse alla, and Putin gets his way saab oma tahtmise, then the, the, in one way or, or another siis nii või teisiti, and you know, there are I mean the tragedy is there, there are several varieties of, of outcome that Putin can portray as a, as a kind of success.

12:10 If that were to happen kui see peaks nii minema, it would be a catastrophe, for the world, a catastrophy for Ukraine. And we, we've got to do everything we can to stop it.

12:19 Finally, you're a very lucky general, aren't you. This war is going to save what was a very precarious ebakindlas seisus premiership peaministri positsioon after all those claims about party-gate, being interviewed by the police, in a written form by the police. What does it say about your premiership Mida see ütleb Teie kui peaministri kohta that it takes the most serious war in Europe, since the 2nd WW, for you to escape et te [ilmselt] pääsete [süüdistustest ja jääte ametisse] üksnes tänu sellele, et Euroopas on nii jube sõda, nagu meil pole nähtud teisest maailmasõjast saadik?

12:41 I think, I think what it says is that we're, we're very lucky to live in a country where journalists can come quite properly, go hard on tulevad ja ründavad this, this sort of question, this sort of, of issue. Because I can tell you Nick that this is not what happens in, in Vladimir Putin's Russia. And it's certainly something that we want to make sure continues to happen in Ukraine me tahame aidata kaasa, et samamoodi saab see [sõnavabadus] olema jätkuvalt ka Ukrainas.

13:08 You welcome tough questions [seega] te lubate endale esitada ebamugavaid/riukalikke küsimusi about party games, so that's ...

13:13 Yes, of course that is what it's all about jaa, muidugi, kogu asi selles ju ongi, selles ju seisnebki. And it's about ...I'm, I'm, I mean it quite seriously ...

13:21 Well, let me test you on it, let me test you on a tough question Lubage mul teid proovile panna ühe riukaliku küsimusega. Let me tell you how do you feel very difficult ... How do you feel? You are there with all those world leaders and they are saying that's the guy who made the rules and then he didn't observe them aga ise ta neid ei järginud.

13:33 I think what, what people understand is that if Vladimir Putin lived in a democracy, and if Vladimir Putin had Newsnight on his case, and, and people asking him really penetrating questions teravad küsimused about what he really thought he was doing in, in Ukraine, whether he really understood what kind of people the Ukrainians were and how--if he'd really thought it through, I don't think he would have made the catastrophic mistake that he has made. And in a way-what he has done, this appalling kohutav, õudne invasion--is paradoxically an advertisement for the, the, the importance of the very system that he is trying to destroy in Ukraine. That's why that is what we are trying to protect.

14:30 Prime Minister-thank you for talking to Newsnight.

14:32 Thank you.

Please click on the brownish box above to download the script 'How your 'working memory' makes sense of the world' for 9 May

SCRIPT for 9 May of 'How your 'working memory' makes sense of the world' Kuidas meie nn lühimälu aitab meil ümbritsevast maailmast aru saada

00:00 So yesterday, I was out in the street in front of this building, and I was walking down the sidewalk läksin mööda kõnniteed, and I had company ma polnud üksi, several of us, and we were all abiding by the rules of walking down sidewalks kõndisime nii nagu kõnniteel peab kõndima. We're not talking [to] each other. We're facing forward. We're moving. When the person in front of me slows down. And so I'm watching him, and he slows down, and finally he stops.

00:30 Well, that wasn't fast enough for me, so I put on my turn signal lülitasin n-ö "suunatule" sisse, and I walked around him, and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing, and he was doing this. He was texting, and he couldn't text and walk at the same time. Now we could approach this seda (olukorda) võiks käsitleda from a working memory perspective lühimälu vaatepunktist or from a multitasking perspective nn rööprähklemise seisukohalt. We're going to do working memory today täna tegeleme nn lühimäluga.

00:48 Now, working memory is that part of our consciousness that we are aware of see osa meie teadvusest, mida me endale teadvustame (erinevalt nn alateadvusest) at any given time igal ajahetkel of day. You're doing it right now sedasama (teadvustamist) teete te ka praegu. It's not something we can turn off. If you turn it off, that's called a coma, okay? So right now, you're doing just fine praegu on teiega kõik hästi.

01:05 Now working memory has four basic components. It allows us to

• store some immediate experiences and a little bit of knowledge. It allows us to
• reach back into our long-term memory and
• pull some of that in as we need it,
• mixes it, processes it in light of whatever our current goal is.

Now the current goal momendil eesmärgiks võetu isn't something like, I want to be president or the best surfer in the world. It's more mundane lihtlabane. I'd like that cookie, or I need to figure out how to get into my hotel room. Now working memory capacity is our ability to leverage osavalt ära kasutada that, our ability to take what we know and what we can hang onto and leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy our current goal.

01:45 Now working memory capacity has a fairly long history, and it's associated with a lot of positive effects. People with high working memory capacity

• tend to be good storytellers.
• They tend to solve and do well on standardized tests, however important that is.
• They're able to have high levels of writing ability.
• They're also able to reason at high levels.

02:08 So what we're going to do here is play a little bit with some of that. So I'm going to ask you to perform a couple tasks, and we're going to take your working memory out for a ride. You up for that? Okay.

02:20 I'm going to give you five words, and I just want you to hang on to them. Don't write them down. Just hang on to them. Five words. While you're hanging on to them, I'm going to ask you to answer three questions. I want to see what happens with those words.

So here's the words: tree, highway, mirror, Saturn and electrode.

So far so good? Arusaadav? Okay.

02:55 What I want you to do is

• I want you to tell me what the answer is to 23 times eight. Just shout it out. (Mumbling) (Laughter) In fact it's -- (Mumbling) -- exactly. (Laughter) All right.
• I want you to take out your left hand and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10." It's a neurological test, just in case you were wondering ütlen seda neile, kes võib-olla on hämmingus (et milleks see kõik?). All right,
• now what I want you to do is to recite the last five letters of the English alphabet backwards. You should have started with Z. (Laughter)

03:31 All right. How many people here are still pretty sure you've got all five words? Okay.

• Typically we end up with about less than half, right, which is normal. There will be a range see varieerub. Some people can hang on to suudavad meeles pidada five. Some people can hang on to 10 mõni suudab meeles pidada 10 sõna. Some will be down to two or three mõned vaid kahte või kolme [sõna].

03:46 What we know is [that]

• this [working memory] is really important to the way we function, right?

And it's going to be really important here at TED because you're going to be exposed to so many different ideas.

03:55 Now the problem that we have is that

• life comes at us, and it comes at us very quickly elu "keeb" me ümber

and what we need to do is to

• take that amorphous amorfne flow of experience and
• somehow extract meaning from it with a working memory that's about the size of a pea sellest kogemuste tulvast oma herneterasuuruse lühi- ehk operatiivmälu abil midagi olulist [millel on meie jaoks tähendus] kuidagi välja sõeluda.

Now don't get me wrong,

• working memory is awesome imeline. Working memory allows us to investigate our current experience as we move forward n-ö käigupealt, asjade käigus. 

It allows us to make sense of the world around us. But it does have certain limits.

04:25

• Now working memory is great for allowing us to communicate. We can have a conversation, and I can build a narrative around that so I know where we've been and where we're going and how to contribute to this conversation.
• It allows us to problem-solve, [do] critical think[ing].

We can be in the middle of a meeting,

• listen to somebody's presentation,
• evaluate it, decide whether or not we like it,
• ask follow-up questions. All of that occurs within working memory.

04:55 It also allows us to go to the store and allows us to get milk and eggs and cheese when what we're really looking for is Red Bull and bacon. (Laughter)

• Gotta make sure (lühimälu) tagab, et we're getting what we're looking for.

05:10 Now, a central issue with working memory is that it's limited. It's

• limited in capacity,
• limited in duration,
• limited in focus.

We tend to remember about four things. Okay? Üldjuhul suudame meelde jätta 4 asja.

05:26 It used to be seven, but with functional MRIs magnetresonantsaparaadid näitavad, apparently paistab, et it's four, and we were overachieving varem me n-ö ületasime ennast. Now we can remember those four things for about 10 to 20 seconds unless we do something with it, unless we process it, unless we apply it to something, unless we talk to somebody about it.

05:32 When we think about working memory, we have to realize that this limited capacity has lots of different impacts on us me tunneme seda lühimälu piiratust "omal nahal".

• Have you ever walked from one room to another and then forgotten why you're there? You do know the solution to that, right? You go back to that original room. (Laughter)
• Have you ever forgotten your keys? You ever forgotten your car? You ever forgotten your kids?

06:10 Have you ever been involved in a conversation olete juttu ajanud kellegagi, and you realize that the conversation to your left teist vasakul is actually more interesting? (Laughter) So you're nodding and you're smiling, but

you're really paying attention to this one over here tegelikult kuulad seda teist jutuajamist,

until you hear that last word go up kuulete viimase sõna tõusvat intonatsiooni, and you realize, you've been asked a question. (Laughter) And you're really hoping the answer is no, because that's what you're about to say.

06:30 All of that talks about working memory,

• what we can do and
• what we can't do.

We need to realize that working memory has a limited capacity, and that working memory capacity itself is how we negotiate that kuidas me sellele mälumahu piiratusele vaatama ikkagi toime tuleme. We negotiate that through strategies meil on toimetulemiseks teatud võtted/strateegiad.

06:37 So what I want to do is talk a little bit about a couple of strategies here, and these will be really important because you are now in an information target-rich environment for the next several days. Te kuulate siin mitu päeva järjest TED-kõnesid Now the first part of this that we need to think about and

• we need to process our existence, our life, immediately and repeatedly oma elu--kohe, kui asjad [me ümber] toimuvad--on vaja n-ö läbi töötada, mõtestada, ja [isegi] mitu korda.
• We need to process what's going on the moment it happens, not 10 minutes later, not a week later, at the moment.

07:10 So we need to think about, well,

• do I agree with him? What's missing? What would I like to know?
• Do I agree with the assumptions? How can I apply this in my life?

It's a way of processing what's going on nii me töötame läbi seda, mis toimub [me ümber] on so that we can use it later.

07:20 Now we also

• need to repeat it. We need to practice.
• So we need to think about it here.
• In between, we want to talk to people about it.
• We're going to write it down,
• and when you get home, pull out those notes and think about them
• and end up practicing over time ja lisaks harjuta sama asja pikema aja jooksul.

Practice for some reason became a very negative thing Vahepeal hakati harjutamisele negatiivselt vaatama. It's very positive [tegelikult] on see väga positiivne/kasulik asi.

07:35 The next thing is,

• we need to think elaboratively mõtelge peensusteni asjad läbi and
• we need to think illustratively.

Oftentimes, we think that we have to relate new knowledge to prior knowledge.

What we want to do is spin that around [tegelikult] on vaja [uusi teadmisi] oma "elulõime sisse kududa".

• We want to take all of our existence and
• wrap it around that new knowledge and
• make all of these connections and it becomes more meaningful.
• 07:57 We also want to use imagery kujutlusvõime, kujutluspildid. We are built for images. Igasugune piltlikkus on inimesele väga omane. We need to take advantage of that.
• Think about things in images mõelge piltlikult/kujundlikult,
• write things down that way üles kirjutage ka n-ö piltlikult/kujundlikult.
• If you read a book, pull things up joonistage loetu kohta pilte, sh oma peas.

I just got through reading "The Great Gatsby," and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like in my head, so my own version.

08:12 The last one viimane [lühimälu kasutamise strateegia] is organization and support. 

We are meaning-making machines. It's what we do. We try to make meaning out of everything that happens to us. 

Organization helps, so we need to structure what we're doing in ways that make sense. If we are providing knowledge and experience, we need to structure that.

08:28 And the last one is support. We all started as novices kunagi oleme kõik algajad. Everything we do is an approximation of sophistication kogu meie tegevus on millegi edasi arendamine, täpsustamine/(peen)häälestamine. We should expect it to change over time arvatagi, et asjad muutuvad ajas, st saame teada uut. We have to support that [uute teadmiste süsteemi panemist] tuleb toetada, sellel kaasa aidata. The support may come in asking people questions [süstematiseerimisele saab kaasa aidata] küsimuste küsimisega, giving them a sheet of paper that has an organizational chart ülevaatlik skeem on it or has some guiding images selgitavate joonistega/piltidega, but we need to support it.

08:48 Now, the final piece of this, the take-home message from a working memory capacity standpoint is this: what we process, we learn omandame, st õpime ära selle, mille oleme "läbi töötanud". If we're not processing life, we're not living it selleks, et tõeliselt elada, on vaja meid ümbritsevat n-ö "läbi töötada". Live life. Thank you. 09:06 (Applause)